Department of Pediatrics

Clinical Interests

Dr. Druley is interested in the mechanisms of abnormal childhood development that cause a predisposition to childhood cancer. From this interest, he is the co-director of the Pediatric Cancer Predisposition Program (http://www.stlouischildrens.org/our-services/cancer-predisposition-program), which is a multi-disciplinary effort to provide longitudinal surveillance or treatment to children with an increased risk of cancer and study how abnormal development leads to pediatric cancer.

Education

• PhD, University of Illinois, 2002
• MD, University of Illinois, 2002
• BS, Departmental Distinction for Research, University of Illinois, 1994

Training

• Resident, Washington University, 2002 - 2005
• Clinical Fellow in Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Washington University, 2005 - 2008

Licensure and Board Certification

• 2006 - 2016American Board of Pediatrics - General Pediatrics
• 2008 - PresMO
• 2013 - PresAmerican Board of Pediatrics - Pediatric Hematology and Oncology
• 2019 - PresCO

Honors and Awards

• Children Of Vietnam Veterans Merit Scholarship, 1990 - 1994
• Research Distinction in Cell and Structural Biology, University of Illinois, 1994
• Outstanding Fellow Teaching Award, 2006
• Alex's Lemonade Stand "A" Award, 2009 - 2013
• Scholar of the NIH Child Health Resource Center in Developmental Biology, 2009 - 2012
• Children's Discovery Institute Faculty Scholar, 2010 - 2015
• Mark Johnston Scholar in Genomic Science, 2010 - 2019
• Hyundai Hope Award Recipient, 2011 - 2013
• Doris Duke Clinical Scientist Development Award, 2014 - 2017
• Best Poster at 2016 International Society of Pediatric Oncology (SIOP) Annual Meeting (Dublin, Ireland), 2016
• Elected to the American Society of Clinical Investigators (ASCI), 2018 - Pres
• Legacy Leadership Award, Leukemia & Lymphoma Society, 2020

Recent Publications view all (60)

Publication Co-Authors

Brooke Sadler

David H. Gutmann, MD, PhD, FAAN

Shalini Shenoy, M.D.

Matthew I. Goldsmith, M.D.

Marwan Shinawi, M.D.

Keith A. Hruska, M.D.

Laura Schuettpelz, M.D, Ph.D.

S. Paul Hmiel, M.D., Ph.D.

Ina E. Amarillo, PhD FACMG ErCLG

Jennifer A Wambach, M.D.

Thomas Ferkol, M.D.

Sima Bhatt

Mario Castro

Amjad Horani, M.D.

Joshua B. Rubin, M.D., Ph.D.

David B. Wilson, M.D., Ph.D.

Beth A. Kozel, M.D., Ph.D.

Alok Kothari, M.D.

Schwartz, Alan L., Ph.D., M.D.

Robert J. Hayashi, M.D.

Francis Sessions Cole, III, M.D.

Washington University has a long tradition of collaboration amongst colleagues.The faculty above have co-authored publications with Todd Druley, M.D., Ph.D.

1. Bolton KL, Ptashkin RN, Gao T, Braunstein L, Devlin SM, Kelly D, Patel M, Berthon A, Syed A, Yabe M, Coombs CC, Caltabellotta NM, Walsh M, Offit K, Stadler Z, Mandelker D, Schulman J, Patel A, Philip J, Bernard E, Gundem G, Ossa JEA, Levine M, Martinez JSM, Farnoud N, Glodzik D, Li S, Robson ME, Lee C, Pharoah PDP, Stopsack K, Spitzer B, Mantha S, Fagin J, Boucai L, Gibson CJ, Ebert BL, Young A, Druley T, Takahasi K, Gillis N, Ball M, Padron E, Hyman DH, Baselga J, Norton L, Gardos S, Klimek VM, Scher H, Bajorin D, Paraiso E, Benayed R, Arcila ME, Ladanyi M, Solit DB, Berger MF, Tallman M, Garcia-Closas M, Chatterjee N, Diaz, Jr. LA, Levine RL, Morton LM, Zehir A, Papaemmanuil E. Cancer therapy shapes the fitness landscape of clonal hematopoiesis Nat Genet. 2020. 
2. Crowgey EL, Soini T, Shah N, Pauniaho SL, Lahdenne P, Wilson DB, Heikinheimo M, Druley TE. Germline Sequencing Identifies Rare Variants in Finnish Subjects with Familial Germ Cell Tumors. Appl Clin Genet. 2020;13:127-137. PMCID:PMC7335280  PMID:32636668 
3. Carlson P, Wojczynski MK, Druley T, Lee JH, Zmuda JM, Thyagarajan B. Prevalence of clinically actionable disease variants in exceptionally long-lived families. BMC Med Genomics. 2020;13(1):61. PMID:32272925 
4. Watson CJ, Papula AL, Poon GYP, Wong WH, Young AL, Druley TE, Fisher DS, Blundell JR. The evolutionary dynamics and fitness landscape of clonal hematopoiesis. Science. 2020;367(6485):1449-1454. PMID:32217721 
5. Crowgey EL, Mahajan N, Wong WH, Gopalakrishnapillai A, Barwe SP, Kolb EA, Druley TE. Error-corrected sequencing strategies enable comprehensive detection of leukemic mutations relevant for diagnosis and minimal residual disease monitoring. BMC Med Genomics. 2020;13(1):32. PMCID:PMC7057603  PMID:32131829 
6. Barwe SP, Gopalakrisnapillai A, Mahajan N, Druley TE, Kolb EA, Crowgey EL. Strong concordance between RNA structural and single nucleotide variants identified via next generation sequencing techniques in primary pediatric leukemia and patient-derived xenograft samples. Genomics Inform. 2020;18(1):e6. PMCID:PMC7120351  PMID:32224839 
7. Wong WH, Bhatt S, Trinkaus K, Pusic I, Elliott K, Mahajan N, Wan F, Switzer GE, Confer DL, DiPersio J, Pulsipher MA, Shah NN, Sees J, Bystry A, Blundell JR, Shaw BE, Druley TE. Engraftment of rare, pathogenic donor hematopoietic mutations in unrelated hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Sci Transl Med. 2020;12(526). PMID:31941826 
8. Pringle ES, Wertman J, Melong N, Coombs AJ, Young AL, O'Leary D, Veinotte C, Robinson CA, Ha MN, Dellaire G, Druley TE, McCormick C, Berman JN. The Zebrafish Xenograft Platform-A Novel Tool for Modeling KSHV-Associated Diseases. Viruses. 2019;12(1). PMID:31861850 
9. Rajan V, Melong N, Wong WH, King B, Tong RS, Mahajan N, Gaston D, Lund T, Rittenberg D, Dellaire G, Campbell CJV, Druley T, Berman JN. Humanized zebrafish enhance human hematopoietic stem cell survival and promote acute myeloid leukemia clonal diversity. Haematologica. 2019. PMID:31857359 
10. Wong WH, Junck L, Druley TE, Gutmann DH. NF1 glioblastoma clonal profiling reveals KMT2B mutations as potential somatic oncogenic events. Neurology. 2019. PMID:31690684 
11. Fardi Golyan F, Ghaemi N, Abbaszadegan MR, Dehghan Manshadi SH, Vakili R, Druley TE, Rahimi HR, Ghahraman M. Novel mutation in AIRE gene with autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1. Immunobiology. 2019. PMID:31526676 
12. Camet ML, Hayashi SS, Druley T, Henry J, Gettinger K, Stacy A, Hayashi RJ. Scope of hearing loss in Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome and hemihypertrophy. Am J Med Genet A. 2019. PMID:31339626 
13. Golyan FF, Druley TE, Abbaszadegan MR. Whole-exome sequencing of familial esophageal squamous cell carcinoma identified rare pathogenic variants in new predisposition genes. Clin Transl Oncol. 2019. PMID:31321674 
14. Young AL, Tong RS, Birmann BM, Druley TE. Clonal haematopoiesis and risk of acute myeloid leukemia. Haematologica. 2019. PMID:31004019 
15. Sadler B, Haller G, Antunes L, Bledsoe X, Morcuende J, Giampietro P, Raggio C, Miller N, Kidane Y, Wise CA, Amarillo I, Walton N, Seeley M, Johnson D, Jenkins C, Jenkins T, Oetjens M, Tong RS, Druley TE, Dobbs MB, Gurnett CA. Distal chromosome 16p11.2 duplications containing SH2B1 in patients with scoliosis. J Med Genet. 2019. PMID:30803986 
16. Uli N, Michelen-Gomez E, Ramos EI, Druley TE. Age-specific changes in genome-wide methylation enrich for Foxa2 and estrogen receptor alpha binding sites. PLoS One. 2018;13(9):e0203147. PMCID:PMC6157835  PMID:30256791 
17. Wong WH, Tong RS, Young AL, Druley TE. Rare Event Detection Using Error-corrected DNA and RNA Sequencing. J Vis Exp. 2018;(138). PMID:30124656 
18. Groves AP, Gettinger K, Druley TE, A Kozel B, Shinawi M, Mohrmann C, Henry J, Jacobi C, Trinkaus K, Hayashi RJ. Special Therapy and Psychosocial Needs Identified in a Multidisciplinary Cancer Predisposition Syndrome Clinic. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2018. PMID:30028825 
19. Azar C, Valentine M, Trausch-Azar J, Druley T, Nelson DM, Schwartz AL. RNA-Seq identifies genes whose proteins are transformative in the differentiation of cytotrophoblast to syncytiotrophoblast, in human primary villous and BeWo trophoblasts. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):5142. PMCID:PMC5865118  PMID:29572450 
20. Marcotte EL, Druley TE, Johnson KJ, Richardson M, von Behren J, Mueller BA, Carozza S, McLaughlin C, Chow EJ, Reynolds P, Spector LG. Parental Age and Risk of Infant Leukaemia: A Pooled Analysis. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2017. PMID:28940632 
21. Wong-Siegel JR, Johnson KJ, Gettinger K, Cousins N, McAmis N, Zamarione A, Druley TE. Congenital neurodevelopmental anomalies in pediatric and young adult cancer. Am J Med Genet A. 2017. PMID:28851129 
22. Johnson KJ, Lee JM, Ahsan K, Padda H, Feng Q, Partap S, Fowler SA, Druley TE. Pediatric cancer risk in association with birth defects: A systematic review. PLoS One. 2017;12(7):e0181246. PMID:28749971 
23. Kalish JM, Doros L, Helman LJ, Hennekam RC, Kuiper RP, Maas SM, Maher ER, Nichols KE, Plon SE, Porter CC, Rednam S, Schultz KAP, States LJ, Tomlinson GE, Zelley K, Druley TE. Surveillance Recommendations for Children with Overgrowth Syndromes and Predisposition to Wilms Tumors and Hepatoblastoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2017;23(13):e115-e122. PMCID:PMC5538793  PMID:28674120 
24. Porter CC, Druley TE, Erez A, Kuiper RP, Onel K, Schiffman JD, Wolfe Schneider K, Scollon SR, Scott HS, Strong LC, Walsh MF, Nichols KE. Recommendations for Surveillance for Children with Leukemia-Predisposing Conditions. Clin Cancer Res. 2017;23(11):e14-e22. PMID:28572263 
25. Kalish JM, Biesecker LG, Brioude F, Deardorff MA, Di Cesare-Merlone A, Druley T, Ferrero GB, Lapunzina P, Larizza L, Maas S, Macchiaiolo M, Maher ER, Maitz S, Martinez-Agosto JA, Mussa A, Robinson P, Russo S, Selicorni A, Hennekam RC. Nomenclature and definition in asymmetric regional body overgrowth. Am J Med Genet A. 2017. PMID:28475229 
26. Creamer JP, Dege C, Ren Q, Ho JT, Valentine MC, Druley TE, Sturgeon CM. Human definitive hematopoietic specification from pluripotent stem cells is regulated by mesodermal expression of CDX4. Blood. 2017. PMID:28408465 
27. Kramer AC, Kothari A, Wilson WC, Celik H, Nikitas J, Mallaney C, Ostrander EL, Eultgen E, Martens A, Valentine MC, Young AL, Druley TE, Figueroa ME, Zhang B, Challen GA. Dnmt3a regulates T-cell development and suppresses T-ALL transformation. Leukemia. 2017. PMID:28321121 
28. Young AL, Challen GA, Birmann BM, Druley TE. Clonal haematopoiesis harbouring AML-associated mutations is ubiquitous in healthy adults. Nat Commun. 2016;7:12484. PMCID:PMC4996934  PMID:27546487 
29. Druley, TE. The relative contributions of germline variation, epimutation, and somatic mutation to paediatric leukemia predisposition. EMJ Hematol. 2016;4(1):110-116. 
30. Druley TE, Wang L, Lin SJ, Lee JH, Zhang Q, Daw EW, Abel HJ, Chasnoff SE, Ramos EI, Levinson BT, Thyagarajan B, Newman AB, Christensen K, Mayeux R, Province MA. Candidate gene resequencing to identify rare, pedigree-specific variants influencing healthy aging phenotypes in the long life family study. BMC Geriatr. 2016;16(1):80. doi:10.1186/s12877-016-0253-y  PMID:27060904 
31. Torgerson DG, Giri T, Druley TE, Zheng J, Huntsman S, Seibold MA, Young AL, Schweiger T, Yin-Declue H, Sajol GD, Schechtman KB, Hernandez RD, Randolph AG, Bacharier LB, Castro M. Pooled Sequencing of Candidate Genes Implicates Rare Variants in the Development of Asthma Following Severe RSV Bronchiolitis in Infancy. PLoS One. 2015;10(11):e0142649. PMCID:PMC4654486  PMID:26587832 
32. Hing B, Ramos E, Braun P, McKane M, Jancic D, Tamashiro KL, Lee RS, Michaelson JJ, Druley TE, Potash JB. Adaptation of the targeted capture Methyl-Seq platform for the mouse genome identifies novel tissue-specific DNA methylation patterns of genes involved in neurodevelopment. Epigenetics. 2015;10(7):581-96. doi:10.1080/15592294.2015.1045179.  PMCID:PMC4622595  PMID:25985232 
33. Madden LM, Ngwube AI, Shenoy S, Druley TE, Hayashi RJ. Late toxicity of a novel allogeneic stem cell transplant using single fraction total body irradiation for hematologic malignancies in children. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2015;37(2):e94-e101. doi:10.1097/MPH.0000000000000272  PMCID:PMC4337424  PMID:25333837 
34. Wong TN, Ramsingh G, Young AL, Miller CA, Touma W, Welch JS, Lamprecht TL, Shen D, Hundal J, Fulton RS, Heath S, Baty JD, Klco JM, Ding L, Mardis ER, Westervelt P, DiPersio JF, Walter MJ, Graubert TA, Ley TJ, Druley TE, Link DC, Wilson RK. Role of TP53 mutations in the origin and evolution of therapy-related acute myeloid leukaemia. Nature. 2015;518(7540):552-5. doi:10.1038/nature13968  PMCID:PMC4403236  PMID:25487151 
35. Young AL, Wong TN, Hughes AE, Heath SE, Ley TJ, Link DC, Druley TE. Quantifying ultra-rare pre-leukemic clones via targeted error-corrected sequencing. Leukemia. 2015. doi:10.1038/leu.2015.17  PMID:25644247 
36. Warrington NM, Sun T, Luo J, McKinstry RC, Parkin PC, Ganzhorn S, Spoljaric D, Albers AC, Merkelson A, Stewart DR, Stevenson DA, Viskochil D, Druley TE, Forys JT, Reilly KM, Fisher MJ, Tabori U, Allen JC, Schiffman JD, Gutmann DH, Rubin JB. The cyclic AMP pathway is a sex-specific modifier of glioma risk in type I neurofibromatosis patients. Cancer Res. 2015;75(1):16-21. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-14-1891  PMCID:PMC4286430  PMID:25381154 
37. Valentine MC, Linabery AM, Chasnoff S, Hughes AE, Mallaney C, Sanchez N, Giacalone J, Heerema NA, Hilden JM, Spector LG, Ross JA, Druley TE. Excess congenital non-synonymous variation in leukemia-associated genes in MLL- infant leukemia: a Children's Oncology Group report. Leukemia. 2014;28(6):1235-41. doi:10.1038/leu.2013.367  PMCID:PMC4045651  PMID:24301523 
38. Wambach JA, Wegner DJ, Heins HB, Druley TE, Mitra RD, Hamvas A, Cole FS. Synonymous ABCA3 variants do not increase risk for neonatal respiratory distress syndrome. J Pediatr. 2014;164(6):1316-21.e3. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2014.02.021  PMCID:PMC4035386  PMID:24657120 
39. Ramos EI, Bien-Willner GA, Li J, Hughes AE, Giacalone J, Chasnoff S, Kulkarni S, Parmacek M, Cole FS, Druley TE. Genetic variation in MKL2 and decreased downstream PCTAIRE1 expression in extreme, fatal primary human microcephaly. Clin Genet. 2014;85(5):423-32. doi:10.1111/cge.12197  PMCID:PMC3929543  PMID:23692340 
40. Alvarado DM, Yang P, Druley TE, Lovett M, Gurnett CA. Multiplexed direct genomic selection (MDiGS): a pooled BAC capture approach for highly accurate CNV and SNP/INDEL detection. Nucleic Acids Res. 2014;42(10):e82. doi:10.1093/nar/gku218  PMCID:PMC4041413  PMID:24682816 
41. Kanchi KL, Johnson KJ, Lu C, McLellan MD, Leiserson MD, Wendl MC, Zhang Q, Koboldt DC, Xie M, Kandoth C, McMichael JF, Wyczalkowski MA, Larson DE, Schmidt HK, Miller CA, Fulton RS, Spellman PT, Mardis ER, Druley TE, Graubert TA, Goodfellow PJ, Raphael BJ, Wilson RK, Ding L. Integrated analysis of germline and somatic variants in ovarian cancer. Nat Commun. 2014;5:3156. doi:10.1038/ncomms4156  PMCID:PMC4025965  PMID:24448499 
42. Druley TE. Commentary. Clin Chem. 2013;59(1):50-1. PMID:23284014 
43. Lee JH, Cheng R, Honig LS, Feitosa M, Kammerer CM, Kang MS, Schupf N, Lin SJ, Sanders JL, Bae H, Druley T, Perls T, Christensen K, Province M, Mayeux R. Genome wide association and linkage analyses identified three loci-4q25, 17q23.2, and 10q11.21-associated with variation in leukocyte telomere length: the Long Life Family Study. Front Genet. 2013;4:310. doi:10.3389/fgene.2013.00310  PMCID:PMC3894567  PMID:24478790 
44. Ramos E, Levinson BT, Chasnoff S, Hughes A, Young AL, Thornton K, Li A, Vallania FL, Province M, Druley TE. Population-based rare variant detection via pooled exome or custom hybridization capture with or without individual indexing. BMC Genomics. 2012;13:683. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-13-683  PMCID:PMC3534616  PMID:23216810 
45. Wambach JA, Wegner DJ, Depass K, Heins H, Druley TE, Mitra RD, An P, Zhang Q, Nogee LM, Cole FS, Hamvas A. Single ABCA3 mutations increase risk for neonatal respiratory distress syndrome. Pediatrics. 2012;130(6):e1575-82. doi:10.1542/peds.2012-0918  PMCID:PMC3507255  PMID:23166334 
46. Chatterjee R, Ramos E, Hoffman M, VanWinkle J, Martin DR, Davis TK, Hoshi M, Hmiel SP, Beck A, Hruska K, Coplen D, Liapis H, Mitra R, Druley T, Austin P, Jain S. Traditional and targeted exome sequencing reveals common, rare and novel functional deleterious variants in RET-signaling complex in a cohort of living US patients with urinary tract malformations. Hum Genet. 2012;131(11):1725-38. doi:10.1007/s00439-012-1181-3  PMCID:PMC3551468  PMID:22729463 
47. Horani A, Druley TE, Zariwala MA, Patel AC, Levinson BT, Van Arendonk LG, Thornton KC, Giacalone JC, Albee AJ, Wilson KS, Turner EH, Nickerson DA, Shendure J, Bayly PV, Leigh MW, Knowles MR, Brody SL, Dutcher SK, Ferkol TW. Whole-exome capture and sequencing identifies HEATR2 mutation as a cause of primary ciliary dyskinesia. Am J Hum Genet. 2012;91(4):685-93. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.08.022  PMCID:PMC3484505  PMID:23040496 
48. Vallania F, Ramos E, Cresci S, Mitra RD, Druley TE. Detection of rare genomic variants from pooled sequencing using SPLINTER. J Vis Exp. 2012;(64). doi:10.3791/3943  PMCID:PMC3471313  PMID:22760212 
49. Haller G, Druley T, Vallania FL, Mitra RD, Li P, Akk G, Steinbach JH, Breslau N, Johnson E, Hatsukami D, Stitzel J, Bierut LJ, Goate AM. Rare missense variants in CHRNB4 are associated with reduced risk of nicotine dependence. Hum Mol Genet. 2012;21(3):647-55. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddr498  PMCID:PMC3259016  PMID:22042774 
50. Vallania FL, Druley TE, Ramos E, Wang J, Borecki I, Province M, Mitra RD. High-throughput discovery of rare insertions and deletions in large cohorts. Genome Res. 2010;20(12):1711-8. doi:10.1101/gr.109157.110  PMCID:PMC2989997  PMID:21041413 
51. Ziga ED, Druley T, Burnham CA. Herbaspirillum species bacteremia in a pediatric oncology patient. J Clin Microbiol. 2010;48(11):4320-1. doi:10.1128/JCM.01479-10  PMCID:PMC3020882  PMID:20739483 
52. Gurnett CA, Desruisseau DM, McCall K, Choi R, Meyer ZI, Talerico M, Miller SE, Ju JS, Pestronk A, Connolly AM, Druley TE, Weihl CC, Dobbs MB. Myosin binding protein C1: a novel gene for autosomal dominant distal arthrogryposis type 1. Hum Mol Genet. 2010;19(7):1165-73. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddp587  PMCID:PMC2838534  PMID:20045868 
53. Matkovich SJ, Van Booven DJ, Hindes A, Kang MY, Druley TE, Vallania FL, Mitra RD, Reilly MP, Cappola TP, Dorn GW 2nd. Cardiac signaling genes exhibit unexpected sequence diversity in sporadic cardiomyopathy, revealing HSPB7 polymorphisms associated with disease. J Clin Invest. 2010;120(1):280-9. doi:10.1172/JCI39085  PMCID:PMC2798680  PMID:20038796 
54. Schuettpelz LG, Behrens D, Goldsmith MI, Druley TE. Severe ceftriaxone-induced hemolysis complicated by diffuse cerebral ischemia in a child with sickle cell disease. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2009;31(11):870-2. doi:10.1097/MPH.0b013e3181b7eda2  PMID:19829151 
55. Druley TE, Vallania FL, Wegner DJ, Varley KE, Knowles OL, Bonds JA, Robison SW, Doniger SW, Hamvas A, Cole FS, Fay JC, Mitra RD. Quantification of rare allelic variants from pooled genomic DNA. Nat Methods. 2009;6(4):263-5. doi:10.1038/nmeth.1307  PMCID:PMC2776647  PMID:19252504 
56. Druley TE, Hayashi R, Mansur DB, Zhang QJ, Barnes Y, Trinkaus K, Witty S, Thomas T, Klein EE, DiPersio JF, Adkins D, Shenoy S. Early outcomes after allogeneic hematopoietic SCT in pediatric patients with hematologic malignancies following single fraction TBI. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2009;43(4):307-14. doi:10.1038/bmt.2008.327  PMCID:PMC2792985  PMID:19011666 
57. Litman T, Druley TE, Stein WD, Bates SE. From MDR to MXR: new understanding of multidrug resistance systems, their properties and clinical significance. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2001;58(7):931-59. doi:10.1007/PL00000912  PMID:11497241 
58. Druley TE, Stein WD, Roninson IB. Analysis of MDR1 P-glycoprotein conformational changes in permeabilized cells using differential immunoreactivity. Biochemistry. 2001;40(14):4312-22. PMID:11284687 
59. Druley TE, Stein WD, Ruth A, Roninson IB. P-glycoprotein-mediated colchicine resistance in different cell lines correlates with the effects of colchicine on P-glycoprotein conformation. Biochemistry. 2001;40(14):4323-31. PMID:11284688 
60. Mechetner EB, Schott B, Morse BS, Stein WD, Druley T, Davis KA, Tsuruo T, Roninson IB. P-glycoprotein function involves conformational transitions detectable by differential immunoreactivity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997;94(24):12908-13. PMCID:PMC24237  PMID:9371774