Department of Pediatrics

Clinical Interests

Over the last 35 years, Dr. White's clinical and research interests have focused on diabetes mellitus. This includes clinical and translational research related to diabetes mellitus, both type 1 and type 2, in children and adolescents. Much of his research has been through active participation in multicenter NIH-supported clinical trials including DCCT/EDIC, DPP/DPPOS, TODAY, DirecNet, TRIGR and TrialNet. In addition to serving as local PI for these trials, he has national leadership roles in DirecNet and TODAY. Throughout his career, he has had an ongoing interest in: 1) methods of intensive therapy in type 1 diabetes; 2) the risks associated with hypoglycemia in diabetic subjects, including effects on brain structure and function; 3) studies of diabetes prevention; and 4) psychosocial interventions in teenagers with diabetes. Dr. White has also had a longstanding interest in the diagnosis and management of hypoglycemia in infants and children, including hyperinsulinism and glycogen storage disease.

Education

• BS, State University of New York at Albany, 1971
• MD, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1975

Training

• Internship and Residency in Pediatrics, Washington University, 1975 - 1977
• Fellowship in Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, Washington Univeristy, 1977 - 1979

Licensure and Board Certification

• National Board of Medical Examiners , 1976
• MO, , 1979
• American Board of Pediatrics , 1981
• Pediatric Endocrinology , 1983
• Certified Diabetes Educator , 1992
• Certified Diabetes Educator , 1992

Honors

• Signum Laudis, Honorary Scholastic Society, SUNY at Albany, 1971
• Award for Meritorious Service, American Diabetes Association, Michigan, 1991
• Listed in "Best Doctors in America", 1994
• Award for Outstanding Service, American Diabetes Association, 1997
• Award for Outstanding Service, American Diabetes Association, 1998
• Outstanding Contribution to Camping and Diabetes, American Diabetes Association, 1998
• Award for Outstanding Service, American Diabetes Association, 1999
• Life Member, National Registry of Who's Who, 1999
• Best Doctors in St. Louis, Pediatric Endocrinology, St. Louis Magazine, 2000 - Pres
• Listed America's Top Doctors, 3rd Edition, 2003
• Listed in Who's Who in America, 57th Edition, 2003
• Listed America's Top Doctors, 4th edition, 2004
• Listed in Castle Connolly Top Doctor Guides, 2004
• Best Doctors in St. Louis, Pediatric Endocrinology, St. Louis Magazine, 2005 - Pres
• Listed America's Top Doctors, 5th Edition, 2005
• Who's Who in Medicine and Healthcare, 6th edition, 2006
• America’s Top Doctors, Castle Connolly Medical, LTD, 2010 - Pres
• Global Directory of Who’s Who (Top Doctors), 2010 - Pres

Recent Publications view all (142)

Publication Co-Authors

Jennifer A Wambach, M.D.

Charles Canter, M.D.

Ana María Arbeláez, M.D. MSCI

Bess A. Marshall, M.D.

Washington University has a long tradition of collaboration amongst colleagues.The faculty above have co-authored publications with Neil H. White, M.D.

1. Gubitosi-Klug RA, Braffett BH, White NH, Sherwin RS, Service FJ, Lachin JM, Tamborlane WV, Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT)/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (EDIC) Research Group. Risk of Severe Hypoglycemia in Type 1 Diabetes Over 30 Years of Follow-up in the DCCT/EDIC Study. Diabetes Care. 2017;40(8):1010-1016. PMID:28550194 
2. Saggar M, Tsalikian E, Mauras N, Mazaika P, White NH, Weinzimer S, Buckingham B, Hershey T, Reiss AL, Diabetes Research in Children Network (DirecNet). Compensatory Hyperconnectivity in Developing Brains of Young Children With Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes. 2017;66(3):754-762. PMCID:PMC5319714  PMID:27702833 
3. Arslanian S, El Ghormli L, Bacha F, Caprio S, Goland R, Haymond MW, Levitsky L, Nadeau KJ, White NH, Willi SM, TODAY Study Group. Adiponectin, Insulin Sensitivity, β-Cell Function, and Racial/Ethnic Disparity in Treatment Failure Rates in TODAY. Diabetes Care. 2017;40(1):85-93. PMCID:PMC5180463  PMID:27803118 
4. Pop-Busui R, Braffett BH, Zinman B, Martin C, White NH, Herman WH, Genuth S, Gubitosi-Klug R, DCCT/EDIC Research Group. Cardiovascular Autonomic Neuropathy and Cardiovascular Outcomes in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (DCCT/EDIC) Study. Diabetes Care. 2017;40(1):94-100. PMCID:PMC5180458  PMID:27803120 
5. Siller AF, Lugar H, Rutlin J, Koller JM, Semenkovich K, White NH, Arbelaez AM, Shimony J, Hershey T. Severity of clinical presentation in youth with type 1 diabetes is associated with differences in brain structure. Pediatr Diabetes. 2016. PMID:27488913 
6. Hosseini SM, Mazaika P, Mauras N, Buckingham B, Weinzimer SA, Tsalikian E, White NH, Reiss AL, Diabetes Research in Children Network (DirecNet). Altered Integration of Structural Covariance Networks in Young Children With Type 1 Diabetes. Hum Brain Mapp. 2016. PMID:27339089 
7. Aroda VR, Edelstein SL, Goldberg RB, Knowler WC, Marcovina SM, Orchard TJ, Bray GA, Schade DS, Temprosa MG, White NH, Crandall JP, Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Long-term Metformin Use and Vitamin B12 Deficiency in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016;101(4):1754-61. PMCID:PMC4880159  PMID:26900641 
8. Cato MA, Mauras N, Mazaika P, Kollman C, Cheng P, Aye T, Ambrosino J, Beck RW, Ruedy KJ, Reiss AL, Tansey M, White NH, Hershey T, Diabetes Research in Children Network. Longitudinal Evaluation of Cognitive Functioning in Young Children with Type 1 Diabetes over 18 Months. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2016;22(3):293-302. PMCID:PMC4856439  PMID:26786245 
9. Mazaika PK, Weinzimer SA, Mauras N, Buckingham B, White NH, Tsalikian E, Hershey T, Cato A, Aye T, Fox L, Wilson DM, Tansey MJ, Tamborlane W, Peng D, Raman M, Marzelli M, Reiss AL, Diabetes Research in Children Network (DirecNet). Variations in Brain Volume and Growth in Young Children With Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes. 2016;65(2):476-85. PMCID:PMC4747456  PMID:26512024 
10. Klingensmith GJ, Pyle L, Nadeau KJ, Barbour LA, Goland RS, Willi SM, Linder B, White NH, TODAY Study Group. Pregnancy Outcomes in Youth With Type 2 Diabetes: The TODAY Study Experience. Diabetes Care. 2016;39(1):122-9. PMCID:PMC4686849  PMID:26628417 
11. Zeitler P, Hirst K, Copeland KC, El Ghormli L, Levitt Katz L, Levitsky LL, Linder B, McGuigan P, White NH, Wilfley D, TODAY Study Group. HbA1c After a Short Period of Monotherapy With Metformin Identifies Durable Glycemic Control Among Adolescents With Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2015;38(12):2285-92. PMCID:PMC4657618  PMID:26537182 
12. White NH. Long-term Outcomes in Youths with Diabetes Mellitus. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2015;62(4):889-909. PMCID:PMC4662600  PMID:26210623 
13. Stanley CA, Rozance PJ, Thornton PS, De Leon DD, Harris D, Haymond MW, Hussain K, Levitsky LL, Murad MH, Simmons RA, Sperling MA, Weinstein DA, White NH, Wolfsdorf JI. Re-evaluating "transitional neonatal hypoglycemia": mechanism and implications for management. J Pediatr. 2015;166(6):1520-1525.e1. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.02.045  PMID:25819173 
14. Duncan AE, Auslander WF, Bucholz KK, Hudson DL, Stein RI, White NH. Relationship between abuse and neglect in childhood and diabetes in adulthood: differential effects by sex, national longitudinal study of adolescent health. Prev Chronic Dis. 2015;12:E70. doi:10.5888/pcd12.140434  PMCID:PMC4436043  PMID:25950577 
15. Thornton PS, Stanley CA, De Leon DD, Harris D, Haymond MW, Hussain K, Levitsky LL, Murad MH, Rozance PJ, Simmons RA, Sperling MA, Weinstein DA, White NH, Wolfsdorf JI, Pediatric Endocrine Society. Recommendations from the Pediatric Endocrine Society for Evaluation and Management of Persistent Hypoglycemia in Neonates, Infants, and Children. J Pediatr. 2015. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.03.057  PMID:25957977 
16. Mauras N, Mazaika P, Buckingham B, Weinzimer S, White NH, Tsalikian E, Hershey T, Cato A, Cheng P, Kollman C, Beck RW, Ruedy K, Aye T, Fox L, Arbelaez AM, Wilson D, Tansey M, Tamborlane W, Peng D, Marzelli M, Winer KK, Reiss AL, Diabetes Research in Children Network (DirecNet). Longitudinal assessment of neuroanatomical and cognitive differences in young children with type 1 diabetes: association with hyperglycemia. Diabetes. 2015;64(5):1770-9. doi:10.2337/db14-1445  PMCID:PMC4407847  PMID:25488901 
17. DCCT/EDIC Research Group, Aiello LP, Sun W, Das A, Gangaputra S, Kiss S, Klein R, Cleary PA, Lachin JM, Nathan DM. Intensive diabetes therapy and ocular surgery in type 1 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(18):1722-33. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1409463  PMCID:PMC4465212  PMID:25923552 
18. Marrero DG, Ma Y, de Groot M, Horton ES, Price DW, Barrett-Connor E, Carnethon MR, Knowler WC, Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Depressive symptoms, antidepressant medication use, and new onset of diabetes in participants of the diabetes prevention program and the diabetes prevention program outcomes study. Psychosom Med. 2015;77(3):303-10. doi:10.1097/PSY.0000000000000156  PMCID:PMC4397126  PMID:25775165 
19. Aroda VR, Christophi CA, Edelstein SL, Zhang P, Herman WH, Barrett-Connor E, Delahanty LM, Montez MG, Ackermann RT, Zhuo X, Knowler WC, Ratner RE, Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. The effect of lifestyle intervention and metformin on preventing or delaying diabetes among women with and without gestational diabetes: the Diabetes Prevention Program outcomes study 10-year follow-up. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015;100(4):1646-53. doi:10.1210/jc.2014-3761  PMCID:PMC4399293  PMID:25706240 
20. Marshall BA, Green RP, Wambach J, White NH, Remedi MS, Nichols CG. Remission of severe neonatal diabetes with very early sulfonylurea treatment. Diabetes Care. 2015;38(3):e38-9. doi:10.2337/dc14-2124  PMID:25715421 
21. Kelsey MM, Geffner ME, Guandalini C, Pyle L, Tamborlane WV, Zeitler PS, White NH, Treatment Options for Type 2 Diabetes in Adolescents and Youth (TODAY) Study Group. Presentation and effectiveness of early treatment of type 2 diabetes in youth: lessons from the TODAY study. Pediatr Diabetes. 2015. doi:10.1111/pedi.12264  PMID:25690268 
22. Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT)/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (EDIC) Research Group, Lachin JM, White NH, Hainsworth DP, Sun W, Cleary PA, Nathan DM. Effect of intensive diabetes therapy on the progression of diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 1 diabetes: 18 years of follow-up in the DCCT/EDIC. Diabetes. 2015;64(2):631-42. doi:10.2337/db14-0930  PMCID:PMC4303965  PMID:25204977 
23. Charron-Prochownik D, Fischl AR, Choi J, Schmitt PL, White NH, Becker D, Downs J, Hannan M, Thurheimer J, Sereika SM. Mother-daughter dyadic approach for starting preconception counseling at puberty in girls with diabetes. Res J Womens Health. 2014;1. PMCID:PMC4316737  PMID:25664183 
24. Tansey M, Beck R, Ruedy K, Tamborlane W, Cheng P, Kollman C, Fox L, Weinzimer S, Mauras N, White NH, Tsalikian E, Diabetes Research in Children Network (DirecNet). Persistently high glucose levels in young children with type 1 diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes. 2014. doi:10.1111/pedi.12248  PMCID:PMC4465416  PMID:25496062 
25. Sherr J, Tsalikian E, Fox L, Buckingham B, Weinzimer S, Tamborlane WV, White NH, Arbelaez AM, Kollman C, Ruedy KJ, Cheng P, Beck RW, Diabetes Research in Children Network. Evolution of abnormal plasma glucagon responses to mixed-meal feedings in youth with type 1 diabetes during the first 2 years after diagnosis. Diabetes Care. 2014;37(6):1741-4. doi:10.2337/dc13-2612  PMCID:PMC4030093  PMID:24696460 
26. Dabelea D, Ma Y, Knowler WC, Marcovina S, Saudek CD, Arakaki R, White NH, Kahn SE, Orchard TJ, Goldberg R, Palmer J, Hamman RF, Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Diabetes autoantibodies do not predict progression to diabetes in adults: the Diabetes Prevention Program. Diabet Med. 2014. doi:10.1111/dme.12437  PMID:24646311 
27. Arbelaez AM, Xing D, Cryer PE, Kollman C, Beck RW, Sherr J, Ruedy KJ, Tamborlane WV, Mauras N, Tsalikian E, Wilson DM, White NH, Diabetes Research in Children Network (DirecNet) Study Group. Blunted glucagon but not epinephrine responses to hypoglycemia occurs in youth with less than 1 yr duration of type 1 diabetes mellitus. Pediatr Diabetes. 2014;15(2):127-34. doi:10.1111/pedi.12070  PMCID:PMC3858506  PMID:23992543 
28. Barnea-Goraly N, Raman M, Mazaika P, Marzelli M, Hershey T, Weinzimer SA, Aye T, Buckingham B, Mauras N, White NH, Fox LA, Tansey M, Beck RW, Ruedy KJ, Kollman C, Cheng P, Reiss AL, Diabetes Research in Children Network (DirecNet). Alterations in white matter structure in young children with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2014;37(2):332-40. doi:10.2337/dc13-1388  PMCID:PMC3898758  PMID:24319123 
29. Cato MA, Mauras N, Ambrosino J, Bondurant A, Conrad AL, Kollman C, Cheng P, Beck RW, Ruedy KJ, Aye T, Reiss AL, White NH, Hershey T, Diabetes Research in Children Network (DirecNet). Cognitive functioning in young children with type 1 diabetes. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2014;20(2):238-47. doi:10.1017/S1355617713001434  PMID:24512675 
30. Barnea-Goraly N, Weinzimer SA, Ruedy KJ, Mauras N, Beck RW, Marzelli MJ, Mazaika PK, Aye T, White NH, Tsalikian E, Fox L, Kollman C, Cheng P, Reiss AL, Diabetes Research in Children Network (DirecNet). High success rates of sedation-free brain MRI scanning in young children using simple subject preparation protocols with and without a commercial mock scanner--the Diabetes Research in Children Network (DirecNet) experience. Pediatr Radiol. 2014;44(2):181-6. doi:10.1007/s00247-013-2798-7  PMCID:PMC3946760  PMID:24096802 
31. Marzelli MJ, Mazaika PK, Barnea-Goraly N, Hershey T, Tsalikian E, Tamborlane W, Mauras N, White NH, Buckingham B, Beck RW, Ruedy KJ, Kollman C, Cheng P, Reiss AL, Diabetes Research in Children Network (DirecNet). Neuroanatomical correlates of dysglycemia in young children with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes. 2014;63(1):343-53. doi:10.2337/db13-0179  PMCID:PMC3868050  PMID:24170697 
32. Charron-Prochownik D, Sereika SM, Becker D, White NH, Schmitt P, Powell AB 3rd, Diaz AM, Jones J, Herman WH, Fischl AF, McEwen L, DiNardo M, Guo F, Downs J. Long-term effects of the booster-enhanced READY-Girls preconception counseling program on intentions and behaviors for family planning in teens with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2013;36(12):3870-4. doi:10.2337/dc13-0355  PMCID:PMC3836127  PMID:24130343 
33. Maruthur NM, Ma Y, Delahanty LM, Nelson JA, Aroda V, White NH, Marrero D, Brancati FL, Clark JM, Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Early response to preventive strategies in the Diabetes Prevention Program. J Gen Intern Med. 2013;28(12):1629-36. doi:10.1007/s11606-013-2548-4  PMCID:PMC3832727  PMID:23860722 
34. TODAY Study Group. Safety and tolerability of the treatment of youth-onset type 2 diabetes: the TODAY experience. Diabetes Care. 2013;36(6):1765-71. doi:10.2337/dc12-2390  PMCID:PMC3661822  PMID:23704676 
35. TODAY Study Group. Effects of metformin, metformin plus rosiglitazone, and metformin plus lifestyle on insulin sensitivity and β-cell function in TODAY. Diabetes Care. 2013;36(6):1749-57. doi:10.2337/dc12-2393  PMCID:PMC3661836  PMID:23704674 
36. Tansey M, Weinzimer S, Beck R, Ruedy K, Cheng P, Tamborlane W, Kollman C, Mauras N, Fox L, Coffey J, White NH, Diabetes Research in Children Network (DirecNet) Study Group. Extended 6-month follow-up of a randomized clinical trial to assess the efficacy and safety of real-time continuous glucose monitoring in the management of type 1 diabetes in young children aged 4 to <10 years. Diabetes Care. 2013;36(5):e63. doi:10.2337/dc12-2021  PMCID:PMC3631880  PMID:23613604 
37. Marshall BA, Permutt MA, Paciorkowski AR, Hoekel J, Karzon R, Wasson J, Viehover A, White NH, Shimony JS, Manwaring L, Austin P, Hullar TE, Hershey T, Washington University Wolfram Study Group. Phenotypic characteristics of early Wolfram syndrome. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2013;8:64. doi:10.1186/1750-1172-8-64  PMCID:PMC3651298  PMID:23981289 
38. Antenor-Dorsey JA, Meyer E, Rutlin J, Perantie DC, White NH, Arbelaez AM, Shimony JS, Hershey T. White matter microstructural integrity in youth with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes. 2013;62(2):581-9. doi:10.2337/db12-0696  PMCID:PMC3554385  PMID:23139349 
39. Sherr J, Xing D, Ruedy KJ, Beck RW, Kollman C, Buckingham B, White NH, Fox L, Tsalikian E, Weinzimer S, Arbelaez AM, Tamborlane WV, Diabetes in Children Network. Lack of association between residual insulin production and glucagon response to hypoglycemia in youth with short duration of type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2013. doi:10.2337/dc12-1697  PMID:23288858 
40. Florez JC, Jablonski KA, Taylor A, Mather K, Horton E, White NH, Barrett-Connor E, Knowler WC, Shuldiner AR, Pollin TI, Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. The C allele of ATM rs11212617 does not associate with metformin response in the Diabetes Prevention Program. Diabetes Care. 2012;35(9):1864-7. doi:10.2337/dc11-2301  PMCID:PMC3425006  PMID:22751958 
41. Bacha F, Pyle L, Nadeau K, Cuttler L, Goland R, Haymond M, Levitsky L, Lynch J, Weinstock RS, White NH, Caprio S, Arslanian S, TODAY Study Group. Determinants of glycemic control in youth with type 2 diabetes at randomization in the TODAY study. Pediatr Diabetes. 2012;13(5):376-83. doi:10.1111/j.1399-5448.2011.00841.x  PMCID:PMC3355206  PMID:22332798 
42. TODAY Study Group, Zeitler P, Hirst K, Pyle L, Linder B, Copeland K, Arslanian S, Cuttler L, Nathan DM, Tollefsen S, Wilfley D, Kaufman F. A clinical trial to maintain glycemic control in youth with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2012;366(24):2247-56. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1109333  PMCID:PMC3478667  PMID:22540912 
43. Tsalikian E, Fox L, Weinzimer S, Buckingham B, White NH, Beck R, Kollman C, Xing D, Ruedy K, Diabetes Research in Children Network Study Group. Feasibility of prolonged continuous glucose monitoring in toddlers with type 1 diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes. 2012;13(4):301-7. doi:10.1111/j.1399-5448.2011.00837.x  PMID:22151826 
44. Sherr J, Tamborlane WV, Xing D, Tsalikian E, Mauras N, Buckingham B, White NH, Arbelaez AM, Beck RW, Kollman C, Ruedy K, Diabetes Research in Children Network (DirecNet) Study Group. Achievement of target A1C levels with negligible hypoglycemia and low glucose variability in youth with short-term type 1 diabetes and residual β-cell function. Diabetes Care. 2012;35(4):817-20. doi:10.2337/dc11-2190  PMCID:PMC3308298  PMID:22323414 
45. Mauras N, Beck R, Xing D, Ruedy K, Buckingham B, Tansey M, White NH, Weinzimer SA, Tamborlane W, Kollman C, Diabetes Research in Children Network (DirecNet) Study Group. A randomized clinical trial to assess the efficacy and safety of real-time continuous glucose monitoring in the management of type 1 diabetes in young children aged 4 to <10 years. Diabetes Care. 2012;35(2):204-10. doi:10.2337/dc11-1746  PMCID:PMC3263860  PMID:22210571 
46. Perantie DC, Koller JM, Weaver PM, Lugar HM, Black KJ, White NH, Hershey T. Prospectively determined impact of type 1 diabetes on brain volume during development. Diabetes. 2011;60(11):3006-14. doi:10.2337/db11-0589  PMCID:PMC3198062  PMID:21953611 
47. Vyas AK, White NH. Case of hypercalcemia secondary to hypervitaminosis a in a 6-year-old boy with autism. Case Rep Endocrinol. 2011;2011:424712. doi:10.1155/2011/424712  PMCID:PMC3420388  PMID:22937283 
48. Wambach JA, Marshall BA, Koster JC, White NH, Nichols CG. Successful sulfonylurea treatment of an insulin-naïve neonate with diabetes mellitus due to a KCNJ11 mutation. Pediatr Diabetes. 2010;11(4):286-8. doi:10.1111/j.1399-5448.2009.00557.x  PMCID:PMC3245710  PMID:19656320 
49. White NH, Sun W, Cleary PA, Tamborlane WV, Danis RP, Hainsworth DP, Davis MD, DCCT-EDIC Research Group. Effect of prior intensive therapy in type 1 diabetes on 10-year progression of retinopathy in the DCCT/EDIC: comparison of adults and adolescents. Diabetes. 2010;59(5):1244-53. doi:10.2337/db09-1216  PMCID:PMC2857905  PMID:20150283 
50. Huelsing J, Kanafani N, Mao J, White NH. Camp jump start: effects of a residential summer weight-loss camp for older children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2010;125(4):e884-90. doi:10.1542/peds.2009-1007  PMID:20194273 
51. Hershey T, Perantie DC, Wu J, Weaver PM, Black KJ, White NH. Hippocampal volumes in youth with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes. 2010;59(1):236-41. doi:10.2337/db09-1117  PMCID:PMC2797927  PMID:19833895 
52. Auslander WF, Sterzing PR, Zayas LE, White NH. Psychosocial resources and barriers to self-management in African American adolescents with type 2 diabetes: a qualitative analysis. Diabetes Educ. 2010;36(4):613-22. doi:10.1177/0145721710369706  PMID:20479133 
53. White NH, Chase HP, Arslanian S, Tamborlane WV, 4030 Study Group. Comparison of glycemic variability associated with insulin glargine and intermediate-acting insulin when used as the basal component of multiple daily injections for adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2009;32(3):387-93. doi:10.2337/dc08-0800  PMCID:PMC2646014  PMID:19106380 
54. White NH, Sun W, Cleary PA, Danis RP, Davis MD, Hainsworth DP, Hubbard LD, Lachin JM, Nathan DM. Prolonged effect of intensive therapy on the risk of retinopathy complications in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus: 10 years after the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. Arch Ophthalmol. 2008;126(12):1707-15. doi:10.1001/archopht.126.12.1707  PMCID:PMC2663518  PMID:19064853 
55. Chase HP, Arslanian S, White NH, Tamborlane WV. Insulin glargine versus intermediate-acting insulin as the basal component of multiple daily injection regimens for adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus. J Pediatr. 2008;153(4):547-53. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2008.04.063  PMID:18589448 
56. White NH, Quattrin T, St Aubin LB, Duggan WT, England RD, Fryburg JS. Efficacy and safety of inhaled human insulin (Exubera) compared to subcutaneous insulin in children ages 6 to 11 years with type 1 diabetes mellitus: results of a 3-month, randomized, parallel trial. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2008;21(6):555-68. PMID:18717242 
57. Perantie DC, Lim A, Wu J, Weaver P, Warren SL, Sadler M, White NH, Hershey T. Effects of prior hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia on cognition in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Pediatr Diabetes. 2008;9(2):87-95. doi:10.1111/j.1399-5448.2007.00274.x  PMID:18208449 
58. Wysocki T, Harris MA, Buckloh LM, Mertlich D, Lochrie AS, Taylor A, Sadler M, White NH. Randomized, controlled trial of Behavioral Family Systems Therapy for Diabetes: maintenance and generalization of effects on parent-adolescent communication. Behav Ther. 2008;39(1):33-46. doi:10.1016/j.beth.2007.04.001  PMID:18328868 
59. Perantie DC, Wu J, Koller JM, Lim A, Warren SL, Black KJ, Sadler M, White NH, Hershey T. Regional brain volume differences associated with hyperglycemia and severe hypoglycemia in youth with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2007;30(9):2331-7. doi:10.2337/dc07-0351  PMID:17575089 
60. Wysocki T, Harris MA, Buckloh LM, Mertlich D, Lochrie AS, Mauras N, White NH. Randomized trial of behavioral family systems therapy for diabetes: maintenance of effects on diabetes outcomes in adolescents. Diabetes Care. 2007;30(3):555-60. doi:10.2337/dc06-1613  PMID:17327320 
61. Siegel MJ, Hildebolt CF, Bae KT, Hong C, White NH. Total and intraabdominal fat distribution in preadolescents and adolescents: measurement with MR imaging. Radiology. 2007;242(3):846-56. doi:10.1148/radiol.2423060111  PMID:17244720 
62. Sosenko JM, Palmer JP, Greenbaum CJ, Mahon J, Cowie C, Krischer JP, Chase HP, White NH, Buckingham B, Herold KC, Cuthbertson D, Skyler JS, Diabetes Prevention Trial-Type 1 Study Group. Increasing the accuracy of oral glucose tolerance testing and extending its application to individuals with normal glucose tolerance for the prediction of type 1 diabetes: the Diabetes Prevention Trial-Type 1. Diabetes Care. 2007;30(1):38-42. doi:10.2337/dc06-1615  PMID:17192330 
63. Wysocki T, Harris MA, Buckloh LM, Mertlich D, Lochrie AS, Taylor A, Sadler M, Mauras N, White NH. Effects of behavioral family systems therapy for diabetes on adolescents' family relationships, treatment adherence, and metabolic control. J Pediatr Psychol. 2006;31(9):928-38. doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsj098  PMID:16401678 
64. Charron-Prochownik D, Sereika SM, Falsetti D, Wang SL, Becker D, Jacober S, Mansfield J, White NH. Knowledge, attitudes and behaviors related to sexuality and family planning in adolescent women with and without diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes. 2006;7(5):267-73. doi:10.1111/j.1399-5448.2006.00197.x  PMID:17054448 
65. Sosenko JM, Palmer JP, Greenbaum CJ, Mahon J, Cowie C, Krischer JP, Chase HP, White NH, Buckingham B, Herold KC, Cuthbertson D, Skyler JS. Patterns of metabolic progression to type 1 diabetes in the Diabetes Prevention Trial-Type 1. Diabetes Care. 2006;29(3):643-9. PMID:16505520 
66. Wysocki T, Harris MA, Buckloh LM, Wilkinson K, Sadler M, Mauras N, White NH. Self-care autonomy and outcomes of intensive therapy or usual care in youth with type 1 diabetes. J Pediatr Psychol. 2006;31(10):1036-45. doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsj017  PMID:15772362 
67. Lueder GT, Pradhan S, White NH. Risk of retinopathy in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus before 2 years of age. Am J Ophthalmol. 2005;140(5):930-1. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2005.05.023  PMID:16310480 
68. Hershey T, Perantie DC, Warren SL, Zimmerman EC, Sadler M, White NH. Frequency and timing of severe hypoglycemia affects spatial memory in children with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2005;28(10):2372-7. PMID:16186265 
69. Hershey T, Lillie R, Sadler M, White NH. A prospective study of severe hypoglycemia and long-term spatial memory in children with type 1 diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes. 2004;5(2):63-71. doi:10.1111/j.1399-543X.2004.00045.x  PMID:15189491 
70. White NH. Management of diabetic ketoacidosis. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2003;4(4):343-53. PMID:14618019 
71. Agarwal AK, Simha V, Oral EA, Moran SA, Gorden P, O'Rahilly S, Zaidi Z, Gurakan F, Arslanian SA, Klar A, Ricker A, White NH, Bindl L, Herbst K, Kennel K, Patel SB, Al-Gazali L, Garg A. Phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity in congenital generalized lipodystrophy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88(10):4840-7. doi:10.1210/jc.2003-030855  PMID:14557463 
72. Wysocki T, Harris MA, Wilkinson K, Sadler M, Mauras N, White NH. Self-management competence as a predictor of outcomes of intensive therapy or usual care in youth with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2003;26(7):2043-7. PMID:12832310 
73. Hershey T, Lillie R, Sadler M, White NH. Severe hypoglycemia and long-term spatial memory in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus: a retrospective study. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2003;9(5):740-50. doi:10.1017/S1355617703950077  PMID:12901780 
74. Wysocki T, Harris MA, Mauras N, Fox L, Taylor A, Jackson SC, White NH. Absence of adverse effects of severe hypoglycemia on cognitive function in school-aged children with diabetes over 18 months. Diabetes Care. 2003;26(4):1100-5. PMID:12663580 
75. Falsetti D, Charron-Prochownik D, Serelka S, Kitutu J, Peterson K, Becker D, Jacober S, Mansfield J, White NH. Condom use, pregnancy, and STDs in adolescent females with and without type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Educ. 2003;29(1):135-43. PMID:12632692 
76. Hershey T, Lillie R, Sadler M, White NH. The effect of severe hypoglycaemia on cognition in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Nutr Metab. 2002;15(6):426-9. PMID:12678462 
77. White NH, Cleary PA, Dahms W, Goldstein D, Malone J, Tamborlane WV, Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT)/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (EDIC) Research Group. Beneficial effects of intensive therapy of diabetes during adolescence: outcomes after the conclusion of the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT). J Pediatr. 2001;139(6):804-12. PMID:11743505 
78. Wysocki T, Greco P, Harris MA, Bubb J, White NH. Behavior therapy for families of adolescents with diabetes: maintenance of treatment effects. Diabetes Care. 2001;24(3):441-6. PMID:11289465 
79. Charron-Prochownik D, Sereika SM, Becker D, Jacober S, Mansfield J, White NH, Hughes S, Dean-McElhinny T, Trail L. Reproductive health beliefs and behaviors in teens with diabetes: application of the Expanded Health Belief Model. Pediatr Diabetes. 2001;2(1):30-9. doi:10.1046/j.1399-543x.2001.00000.x  PMID:15016208 
80. Thompson SJ, Auslander WF, White NH. Comparison of single-mother and two-parent families on metabolic control of children with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2001;24(2):234-8. PMID:11213871 
81. Thompson SJ, Auslander WF, White NH. Influence of family structure on health among youths with diabetes. Health Soc Work. 2001;26(1):7-14. PMID:11338282 
82. Chase HP, Cuthbertson DD, Dolan LM, Kaufman F, Krischer JP, Schatz DA, White NH, Wilson DM, Wolfsdorf J. First-phase insulin release during the intravenous glucose tolerance test as a risk factor for type 1 diabetes. J Pediatr. 2001;138(2):244-9. PMID:11174623 
83. White NH. Diabetic ketoacidosis in children. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2000;29(4):657-82. PMID:11149156 
84. Harris MA, Wysocki T, Sadler M, Wilkinson K, Harvey LM, Buckloh LM, Mauras N, White NH. Validation of a structured interview for the assessment of diabetes self-management. Diabetes Care. 2000;23(9):1301-4. PMID:10977022 
85. Davis A, Yarasheski KE, White NH, Canter C, Marshall BA. Defective insulin receptors in Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome cause complete peripheral insulin resistance but minimal hepatic insulin response remains. Pediatr Diabetes. 2000;1(2):66-73. doi:10.1034/j.1399-5448.2000.010203.x  PMID:15016231 
86. Gross TM, Bode BW, Einhorn D, Kayne DM, Reed JH, White NH, Mastrototaro JJ. Performance evaluation of the MiniMed continuous glucose monitoring system during patient home use. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2000;2(1):49-56. doi:10.1089/152091500316737  PMID:11467320 
87. Wysocki T, Harris MA, Greco P, Bubb J, Danda CE, Harvey LM, McDonell K, Taylor A, White NH. Randomized, controlled trial of behavior therapy for families of adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Pediatr Psychol. 2000;25(1):23-33. PMID:10826241 
88. Hershey T, Bhargava N, Sadler M, White NH, Craft S. Conventional versus intensive diabetes therapy in children with type 1 diabetes: effects on memory and motor speed. Diabetes Care. 1999;22(8):1318-24. PMID:10480777 
89. White NH. Management of the young child with diabetes mellitus: how do we measure success? Mayo Clin Proc. 1999;74(3):309-11. doi:10.4065/74.3.309  PMID:10090001 
90. Hershey T, Craft S, Bhargava N, White NH. Memory and insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM): effects of childhood onset and severe hypoglycemia. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 1997;3(6):509-20. PMID:9448364 
91. Wysocki T, Harris MA, Greco P, Harvey LM, McDonell K, Danda CL, Bubb J, White NH. Social validity of support group and behavior therapy interventions for families of adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Pediatr Psychol. 1997;22(5):635-49. PMID:9383927 
92. Auslander WF, Thompson S, Dreitzer D, White NH, Santiago JV. Disparity in glycemic control and adherence between African-American and Caucasian youths with diabetes. Family and community contexts. Diabetes Care. 1997;20(10):1569-75. PMID:9314637 
93. Swanson CJ, Olack BJ, Flavin KS, Mohanakumar T, Brennan DC, White NH, Lacy PE, Scharp DW. Comparison of transplanted islets in patients with functioning versus nonfunctioning allografts. Transplant Proc. 1997;29(4):2241-2. PMID:9193609 
94. Brennan DC, Flavin KS, Scharp DW, Lacy PE, Olack BJ, Swanson C, Mohanakumar T, White NH. Long-term (> 30 months) follow-up of a single successful kidney-islet transplant recipient. Transplant Proc. 1997;29(4):2231-3. PMID:9193605 
95. Olack BJ, Swanson CJ, Flavin KS, Phelan D, Brennan DC, White NH, Lacy PE, Scharp DW, Poindexter N, Mohanakumar T. Sensitization to HLA antigens in islet recipients with failing transplants. Transplant Proc. 1997;29(4):2268-9. PMID:9193621 
96. Santiago JV, Levandoski LA, Bubb JA, White NH. Definitions, causes, and risk factors for hypoglycemia in insulin-dependent diabetes. Curr Ther Endocrinol Metab. 1997;6:447-53. PMID:9174787 
97. Arfken CL, Schmidt LE, McGill JB, White NH, Santiago JV. Major decrements in glycated hemoglobin levels between 1978 and 1989 in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Diabetes Complications. 1996;10(1):12-7. PMID:8639968 
98. Aguilar-Diosdado M, Gingerich RL, Ogata K, Zimmet PZ, White NH, Santiago JV. A rapid radioimmunoassay for the measurement of antibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase in human serum. Horm Metab Res. 1995;27(6):293-5. doi:10.1055/s-2007-979962  PMID:7557842 
99. Brennan DC, Scharp DW, White NH, Flavin KS, Zukosky JM, Ansara MF, Cryer PE, Lacy PE. Modification of methodology results in improvement in simultaneous kidney-islet success. Transplant Proc. 1995;27(1):1349-50. PMID:7878907 
100. Arfken CL, Salicrup AE, Meuer SM, Del Priore LV, Klein R, McGill JB, Rucker CS, White NH, Santiago JV. Retinopathy in African Americans and whites with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Arch Intern Med. 1994;154(22):2597-602. PMID:7979857 
101. Santiago JV, Levandoski LA, Bubb JA, White NH. Definitions, causes, and risk factors for hypoglycemia in insulin-dependent diabetes. Curr Ther Endocrinol Metab. 1994;5:406-12. PMID:7704763 
102. Funnell MM, Anderson RM, Arnold MS, Barr PA, Donnelly M, Johnson PD, Taylor-Moon D, White NH. Empowerment: an idea whose time has come in diabetes education. Diabetes Educ. 1991;17(1):37-41. PMID:1986902 
103. Delamater AM, Bubb J, Davis SG, Smith JA, Schmidt L, White NH, Santiago JV. Randomized prospective study of self-management training with newly diagnosed diabetic children. Diabetes Care. 1990;13(5):492-8. PMID:2351027 
104. Shalwitz RA, Farkas-Hirsch R, White NH, Santiago JV. Prevalence and consequences of nocturnal hypoglycemia among conventionally treated children with diabetes mellitus. J Pediatr. 1990;116(5):685-9. PMID:2184211 
105. Davis SG, White NH, Stoverock LS, Santiago JV. In-hospital bedside blood glucose monitoring: the importance of a quality control program. J Pediatr Nurs. 1989;4(5):353-6. PMID:2614651 
106. White NH, Yow MD, Demmler GJ, Norton HJ, Hoyle J, Pinckard K, Mishaw C, Pokorny S. Prevalence of cytomegalovirus antibody in subjects between the ages of 6 and 22 years. J Infect Dis. 1989;159(6):1013-7. PMID:2542418 
107. Flavin K, White NH. The intensive insulin therapy team. Diabetes Educ. 1989;15(3):249-52. PMID:2653759 
108. Delamater AM, Davis SG, Bubb J, Santiago JV, Smith JA, White NH. Self-monitoring of blood glucose by adolescents with diabetes: technical skills and utilization of data. Diabetes Educ. 1989;15(1):56-61. PMID:2910690 
109. Delamater AM, Bubb J, Kurtz SM, Kuntze J, Smith JA, White NH, Santiago JV. Physiologic responses to acute psychological stress in adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus. J Pediatr Psychol. 1988;13(1):69-86. PMID:3385578 
110. Clarke WL, Becker DJ, Cox D, Santiago JV, White NH, Betschart J, Eckenrode K, Levandoski LA, Prusinski EA, Simineiro LM. Evaluation of a new system for self blood glucose monitoring. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 1988;4(3):209-13. PMID:3359921 
111. Delamater AM, Smith JA, Kurtz SM, White NH. Dietary skills and adherence in children with type I diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Educ. 1988;14(1):33-6. PMID:3335182 
112. Tordjman KM, Havlin CE, Levandoski LA, White NH, Santiago JV, Cryer PE. Failure of nocturnal hypoglycemia to cause fasting hyperglycemia in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 1987;317(25):1552-9. doi:10.1056/NEJM198712173172502  PMID:3317053 
113. Delamater AM, Kurtz SM, Bubb J, White NH, Santiago JV. Stress and coping in relation to metabolic control of adolescents with type 1 diabetes. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 1987;8(3):136-40. PMID:3597781 
114. Rogers DG, White NH, Shalwitz RA, Palmberg P, Smith ME, Santiago JV. The effect of puberty on the development of early diabetic microvascular disease in insulin-dependent diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 1987;3(1):39-44. PMID:3493126 
115. Cryer PE, White NH, Santiago JV. The relevance of glucose counterregulatory systems to patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Endocr Rev. 1986;7(2):131-9. doi:10.1210/edrv-7-2-131  PMID:2873031 
116. Rogers DG, White NH, Santiago JV, Miller JP, Weldon VV, Kilo C, Williamson JR. Glycemic control and bone age are independently associated with muscle capillary basement membrane width in diabetic children after puberty. Diabetes Care. 1986;9(5):453-9. PMID:3769715 
117. Dux S, White NH, Skor DA, Santiago JV. Insulin clearance contributes to the variability of nocturnal insulin requirement in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Diabetes. 1985;34(12):1260-5. PMID:3905459 
118. Escobar LJ, White NH, Santiago JV, Gingerich RL. Failure of ultracentrifugation as a means of separating plasma free insulin from immunoglobulin fraction prior to radioimmunoassay. Clin Chim Acta. 1985;152(1-2):11-5. PMID:3902294 
119. White NH, Gingerich RL, Levandoski LA, Cryer PE, Santiago JV. Plasma pancreatic polypeptide response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia as a marker for defective glucose counterregulation in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Diabetes. 1985;34(9):870-5. PMID:2993084 
120. Keating JP, Brown BI, White NH, DiMauro S. X-linked glycogen storage disease. A cause of hypotonia, hyperuricemia, and growth retardation. Am J Dis Child. 1985;139(6):609-13. PMID:3859203 
121. Skor DA, White NH, Thomas L, Santiago JV. Influence of growth hormone on overnight insulin requirements in insulin-dependent diabetes. Diabetes. 1985;34(2):135-9. PMID:2857143 
122. Anderson JL, Anastasiou-Nana M, Dayton VD, Creagar RN, Jensen RL, Wright GJ. Myocardial bethanidine kinetics after single-dose intravenous infusion: correlation with plasma kinetics in closed-chest dogs. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1985;7(3):609-12. PMID:2410697 
123. Santiago JV, White NH, Skor DA, Levandoski LA, Bier DM, Cryer PE. Defective glucose counterregulation limits intensive therapy of diabetes mellitus. Am J Physiol. 1984;247(2 Pt 1):E215-20. PMID:6380308 
124. Witte DP, Greider MH, DeSchryver-Kecskemeti K, Kissane JM, White NH. The juvenile human endocrine pancreas: normal v idiopathic hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia. Semin Diagn Pathol. 1984;1(1):30-42. PMID:6400628 
125. Skor DA, White NH, Thomas L, Santiago JV. Relative roles of insulin clearance and insulin sensitivity in the prebreakfast increase in insulin requirements in insulin-dependent diabetic patients. Diabetes. 1984;33(1):60-3. PMID:6360768 
126. Witt MF, White NH, Santiago JV, Avioli LV. Urinary adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate excretion in normal children and children with type I diabetes mellitus. Horm Metab Res. 1984;16(1):50-1. doi:10.1055/s-2007-1014691  PMID:6321312 
127. Witt MF, White NH, Santiago JV. Roles of site and timing of the morning insulin injection in type 1 diabetes. J Pediatr. 1983;103(4):528-33. PMID:6352884 
128. Witt MF, White NH, Santiago JV, Seino Y, Avioli LV. Use of oral calcium loading to characterize the hypercalciuria of young insulin-dependent diabetics. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1983;57(1):94-100. doi:10.1210/jcem-57-1-94  PMID:6853683 
129. Skor DA, White NH, Thomas L, Shah SD, Cryer PE, Santiago JV. Examination of the role of the pituitary-adrenocortical axis, counterregulatory hormones, and insulin clearance in variable nocturnal insulin requirements in insulin-dependent diabetes. Diabetes. 1983;32(5):403-7. PMID:6341122 
130. Zuniga O, Golden MP, Sargeant DT, Graham MJ, Bradvica C, Santiago J, White NH. Persistent leucine sensitivity following partial pancreatectomy and diazoxide treatment. Therapeutic response. Am J Dis Child. 1983;137(4):393-5. PMID:6829520 
131. White NH, Skor DA, Cryer PE, Levandoski LA, Bier DM, Santiago JV. Identification of type I diabetic patients at increased risk for hypoglycemia during intensive therapy. N Engl J Med. 1983;308(9):485-91. doi:10.1056/NEJM198303033080903  PMID:6337335 
132. Sieger A, White NH, Skinner MW, Spector GJ. Auditory function in children with diabetes mellitus. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 1983;92(3 Pt 1):237-41. PMID:6344724 
133. White NH, Skor DA, Santiago JV. Dawn phenomenon and intensified therapy. Diabetes Care. 1983;6(5):525-6. PMID:6400714 
134. White NH, Skor D, Santiago JV. Practical closed-loop insulin delivery. A system for the maintenance of overnight euglycemia and the calculation of basal insulin requirements in insulin-dependent diabetics. Ann Intern Med. 1982;97(2):210-3. PMID:7103278 
135. White NH, Waltman SR, Krupin T, Santiago JV. Reversal of abnormalities in ocular fluorophotometry in insulin-dependent diabetes after five to nine months of improved metabolic control. Diabetes. 1982;31(1):80-5. PMID:6759217 
136. Kramer JL, Bell MJ, DeSchryver K, Bower RJ, Ternberg JL, White NH. Clinical and histologic indications for extensive pancreatic resection in nesidioblastosis. Am J Surg. 1982;143(1):116-9. PMID:7032331 
137. Levandoski LA, White NH, Santiago JV. Localized skin reactions to insulin: insulin lipodystrophies and skin reactions to pumped subcutaneous insulin therapy. Diabetes Care. 1982;5 Suppl 1:6-10. PMID:6231169 
138. Frazer TE, White NH, Hough S, Santiago JV, McGee BR, Bryce G, Mallon J, Avioli LV. Alterations in circulating vitamin D metabolites in the young insulin-dependent diabetic. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1981;53(6):1154-9. doi:10.1210/jcem-53-6-1154  PMID:7028772 
139. White NH, Waltman SR, Krupin T, Santiago JV. Reversal of neuropathic and gastrointestinal complications related to diabetes mellitus in adolescents with improved metabolic control. J Pediatr. 1981;99(1):41-5. PMID:7019402 
140. Blethen SL, White NH, Santiago JV, Daughaday WH. Plasma somatomedins in children with hyperinsulinism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1981;52(4):748-50. doi:10.1210/jcem-52-4-748  PMID:7204541 
141. Blethen SL, White NH, Santiago JV, Daughaday WH. Plasma somatomedins, endogenous insulin secretion, and growth in transient neonatal diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1981;52(1):144-7. doi:10.1210/jcem-52-1-144  PMID:7005255 
142. Santiago JV, White NH. Status of pancreatic transplants and mechanical devices for blood glucose control in diabetes. Ann Biomed Eng. 1980;8(4-6):525-38. PMID:6794390